The month of April has been observed as Autism Awareness month across the globe.
world autism awareness day 2 april
Autism belongs to a collection of developmental disorders known as the autism spectrum disorders (ASD). A spectrum disorder is a group of disorders with similar features. While one person may have mild symptoms, another might have more severe ones.
Autism is a severe developmental disability that generally begins at birth or within the first three years of life. It is the result of a neurological disorder that changes the way the brain functions — causing delays or problems in many different skills from infancy to adulthood.
The children and adults with autism usually exhibit difficulties in :
1. social interaction
2. verbal and non-verbal communication
3. interested in odd, repetitive, or restricted activities
While the majority of autistic children look completely normal, they differ from other children by engaging in perplexing and distressing behaviors.
Warning signs in Babies are:
autism
• not babble or coo by 12 months of age
• not gesture, such as point or wave, by 12 months of age
• not say single words by 16 months
• not say two-word phrases on his or her own (rather than justrepeating what someone else says) by 24 months
• lost any language or social skills (at any age)
• not establish or maintain eye contact
• not make facial expressions or respond to your facial expressions
Symptoms of Autism are:
signs of autism in children
• Difficulty with verbal communication, including problems using and understanding language
• Inability to participate in a conversation, even when the child has the ability to speak
• Difficulty with non-verbal communication, such as gestures and facial expressions
• Difficulty with social interaction, including relating to people and to his or her surroundings
• Difficulty making friends and preferring to play alone
• Unusual ways of playing with toys and other objects as only lining them up a certain way
• Difficulty adjusting to changes in routine or familiar surroundings, or an unreasonable insistence on following routines in detail
• Repetitive body movements, or patterns of behavior, such as hand flapping, spinning, and head banging
• Preoccupation with unusual objects or parts of objects
Children with autism do not follow the typical patterns of child development. In some children, hints of future problems may be apparent from birth. In most cases, the problems in communication and social skills become more noticeable as the child gets older (between 12 and 36 months) and starts lagging behind other children of the same age.
Hence it is very essential to identify these early signs and symptoms in children.
Remember, the earlier the diagnosis, the better is prognosis…
World TB Day 24 March is observed to create public awareness about tuberculosis which is one of major epidemic in the world, causing the deaths of nearly one-and-a-half million people each year, mostly in developing countries.
world tb day
Tuberculosis (popularly known as “TB”) is a disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly infects the lungs, although it also can affect other organs.
It has been estimated by the World Health Organisation (WHO) that worldwide there are 490,000 cases of active TB and sickness in children, and 64,000 deaths of children from TB each year.
statistics of tb in india
India has the highest burden of TB in the world, an estimated 2 million cases annually, accounting for approximately one fifth of the global incidence. about 40% of the Indian population is infected with TB bacteria
THIS YEAR’S THEME IS “REACH, TREAT, CURE EVERYONE”
A child gets TB by inhaling TB bacteria which are in the air as a result of being released into the air by someone with active TB.
source of tb infection
The source of infection for children is usually an adult in their household who has active TB, is coughing and is infectious, although there have also been instances of children being infected in a communal setting such as a school.
Once the TB bacteria have been inhaled they may reach the lungs, where they can multiply and then spread through the lymph vessels to nearby lymph nodes.
The child’s immune response then develops a few weeks after this primary infection. In most children their immune response stops the TB bacteria from multiplying further although there may continue to be a few dormant bacteria.
This primary infection usually resolves on its own as a child develops immunity over a 6- to 10-week period. But in some cases, it can progress and spread all over the lungs (called progressive tuberculosis) or to other organs.
In reactivation tuberculosis, the primary infection has resolved, but the bacteria are dormant, or hibernating. When conditions become favorable (for instance, due to lowered immunity), the bacteria become active.
common symptoms of tb
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) may manifest itself in several forms, including endobronchial TB with focal lymphadenopathy, progressive pulmonary disease, pleural involvement, and reactivated pulmonary disease.
Symptoms of primary pulmonary disease in the pediatric population are often meager.
Fever, night sweats, anorexia, nonproductive cough, failure to thrive, and difficulty gaining weight may occur. Signs of disease depend on the site involved i.e. pulmonary or extrapulmonary.
Stages of TB in Children
Stage 1
Exposure has occurred, implying that the child has had recent contact with an adult who has contagious TB. The child has no physical signs or symptoms and has a negative tuberculin skin test (TST) result
Stage 2
This second stage is heralded by a positive TST result. No signs and symptoms occur, although an incidental chest radiograph may reveal the primary complex
Stage 3
In stage 3, TB disease occurs and is characterized by the appearance of signs and symptoms depending on the location of the disease. Radiographic abnormalities may also be seen.
Stage 4
Stage 4 is defined as TB with no current disease. This implies that the patient has a history of previous episodes of TB or abnormal, stable radiographic findings with a significant reaction to the TST and negative bacteriologic studies. No clinical findings suggesting current disease are present.
Stage 5
TB is suspected, and the diagnosis is pending
Symptoms of TB:
1.Pulmonary TB is TB in the lungs.
The specific symptoms of pulmonary TB are having a bad cough that lasts longer than three weeks, having pain in the chest, and coughing up blood or phlegm from deep inside the lungs.
pulmonary tb
2. Extrapulmonary TB
symptoms are the same as for pulmonary TB, but there can then be specific symptoms relating to the particular site or sites in the body that are infected.
3.TB lymphadenitis
may be painless slowly enlarging lymph nodes, as there are often no general TB symptoms. The swollen lymph nodes are often in the neck area, although they can be in the groin.
4. Bone TB
symptoms include pain, but it depends on the bone or joint that is affected. There may also be curving of the affected bone or joint, as well as loss of movement in the affected bone or joint. The affected bone may also be weakened and may fracture easily
5.TB meningitis
does not start with classic meningitis symptoms. It begins with vague, general symptoms of aches and pains, a fever, and generally feeling unwell. This lasts for anywhere from about 2 to 8 weeks. symptoms like vomiting, severe headache, a dislike of lights, neck stiffness and seizures
6. Abdominal TB
has abdominal pain, diarrhea, and bleeding from the anus or rectum
Tests:
early diagnosis brings efficient treatment
1. Acute pulmonary TB can be easily seen on an X-ray
2. TB skin test he Mantoux TB test
3. The Interferon Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs)
4. Serological tests for TB
5. Smear microscopy of sputum
6. fluorescent microscopy
7. Culturing
8. drug susceptibility tests
Treatment
First-line agents include
rifampin, isoniazid (INH), pyrazinamide, ethambutol, andstreptomycin.
Second-line agents are capreomycin, ciprofloxacin, cycloserine,ethionamide, kanamycin,ofloxacin, levofloxacin, and para-aminosalicylic acid
Prevention:
prevention of tb
1. The first part of TB prevention is to stop the transmission of TB from one adult to another. identifying people with active TB, and then curing them through the provision of drug treatment.
2. To prevent people with latent TB from developing active, and infectious, TB disease.
3. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) provide children with excellent protection against the disseminated forms of TB
4. Isoniazid should be taken daily for at least six months and preferably nine months.
5. Covering your nose and mouth when coughing or sneezing
World Water Day is celebrated on 22 March every year.
It’s a day to celebrate the very essence of our life i.e.water. It’s a day to make a difference for the members of the global population who suffer from water related issues. It’s a day to prepare for how we manage water in the future.
Water is at the core of sustainable development. Water resources, and the range of services they provide, underpin poverty reduction, economic growth and environmental sustainability.
From food and energy security to human and environmental health, water contributes to improvements in social well-being and inclusive growth, affecting the livelihoods of billions.
use every single drop of water wisely
According to the World Water Development Report, demand for water around the world will increase by 55% over the next 15 years. With current supplies, that means only 60% of the world’s water needs will be met in 2030.
outdoor water conservation
The reason for the shortfall include climate change, which causes irregular rainfall and dwindling underwater reserves. The results of the shortage could be devastating to agriculture, ecosystems and economies. With less water, health could also be compromised.
United Nations emphasized on educating people about 7 aspects of water and related habits which helps in preserving water.
These are:
1. Water is essential to human health. The human body can last weeks without food, but only days without water. Water is essential to our survival. Regular hand washing, is for example one of the best ways to remove germs, avoid getting sick, and prevent the spread of germs to others.
2. Ecosystems – including, for example, forests, wetlands and grassland – lie at the heart of the global water cycle. All freshwater ultimately depends on the continued healthy functioning of ecosystems, and recognizing the water cycle is essential to achieving sustainable water management.
3.The world’s cities are growing at an exceptional rate – 4 people moved to cities.Thousands of kilometres of pipes make up each city’s water infrastructure. Many antiquated systems waste more freshwater than they deliver.
4.Global water demand for manufacturing is expected to increase by 400% from 2000 to 2050, which is much larger than other sectors. The main increases will be in emerging economies and developing countries.
5. Water is required to generate energy. Energy is required to deliver water. Renewable energy comes from resources which are naturally replenished such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat. These do not require large quantities of fresh water.
6. Irrigation takes up to 90% of water withdrawn in some developing countries. Globally, agriculture is the largest user of water, accounting for 70% of total withdrawal.
7. In developing nations the responsibility for collecting water every day falls disproportionately on women and girls. On average women in these regions spend 25 percent of their day collecting water for their families.
This day is observed to raise public awareness of Down syndrome, a congenital disorder caused by having an extra 21st chromosome.Through different activities and events, the abilities and accomplishments of people with Down syndrome have been showcased globally.
The purpose of such events is to focus on encouraging independence, self-advocacy and freedom of choices for people with Down syndrome.
This year, World Down’s Syndrome Day will focus on equality and how people with the genetic condition can contribute to their community while living a life of choice and opportunity.
downs syndrome facial features
Down syndrome is the most common chromosome abnormality in humans, occurring in about one per 1000 babies born each year.
It is also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. It is typically associated with physical growth delays, characteristic facial features, and mild to moderate intellectual disability.
The most common features associated with Down syndrome include:
Low muscle tone (babies appear “floppy”)
Flat facial features, with a small nose
Upward slant to the eyes
Small skin folds on the inner corner of the eyes
Small, abnormally shaped ears
Single deep crease across the center of the palm
Hyper flexibility (excessive ability to extend joints)
Fifth finger has only one flexion furrow instead of two
Extra space between the big toe and the second toe
Physical development is often slower than normal.
Most children with Down syndrome never reach their average adult height.
clinical features of downs syndrome
Children may also have delayed mental and social development. Common problems may include:
– Impulsive behavior
– Poor judgment
– Short attention span
– Slow learning
Behavioral training can help people with Down syndrome and their families deal with the frustration, anger, and compulsive behavior that often occur.
Special education and training is offered in most communities for children with delays in mental development.
activities for learning
Speech therapy may help improve language skills.
Physical therapy may teach movement skills.
Occupational therapy may help with feeding and performing tasks. Mental health care can help both parents and the child manage mood or behavior problems
World Oral Health Day is observed on 20th March 2015
regular oral care for lifelong smile
This day is observed to celebrate the benefits of a healthy mouth, to promote worldwide awareness of the issues around oral health and the importance of looking after oral hygiene to everyone old and young.
The theme for this year is “World Oral Health Day 2015, Smile for life”! This implies: ‘lifelong smile’ and ‘celebrating life’. In addition, it also means ‘positivity’ and ‘having fun’ as people only smile if they are happy and have a healthy life.
Oral Health care of children:
make teeth brushing a fun activity
And good oral care starts before teeth appear. after a feeding, parents wipe a baby’s gums with a soft washcloth or a baby toothbrush using water (no toothpaste) or a dentist-recommended Tooth & Gum Cleanser. Once a child reaches 12 months of age, start brushing any existing teeth twice each day. Some dentists recommend using a non-fluoride toothpaste before a child reaches two years of age, but ask to be sure. Water and an age-appropriate toothbrush may suffice.
Once children reach two years of age, encourage them to brush their own teeth. Parents, however, should still follow up and brush them again to make sure they’re clean. If a child resists having his or her teeth brushed, parents need to get creative and make the process fun, like “looking for treasure behind the teeth.” And of course, using a themed brush with your child’s favorite cartoon characters can make brushing more enjoyable.
Measles is a highly contagious, serious disease caused by a virus in the paramyxovirus family and it is normally passed through direct contact and through the air. The virus infects the mucous membranes, then spreads throughout the body.
Measles is a leading cause of childhood deaths. Every year around 3 million cases of Measles are seen and about 900,000 children die because of Measles around the world. In India everyday, 500 children die because of it.
Measles is a highly contagious disease, which spreads through air. Mere sneezing by an infected child in a group of children can easily spread this virus. It spreads so easily that any child who is exposed to it and is not immune will probably get it. One can get measles from an infected person who coughs or sneezes around you or even talks to you.
measles rash
Measles signs and symptoms appear 10 to 14 days after exposure to the virus. Signs and symptoms of measles typically include:
• Fever
• Dry cough
• Runny nose
• Sore throat
• Inflamed eyes (conjunctivitis)
• Tiny white spots with bluish-white centers on a red background found inside the mouth on the inner lining of the cheek — also called Koplik’s spots
•A skin rash made up of large, flat blotches that often flow into one another
Risk factors for measles include:
– Being unvaccinated. If you haven’t received the vaccine for measles, you’re much more likely to develop the disease.
– Traveling internationally. If you travel to developing countries, where measles is more common, you’re at higher risk of catching the disease.
– Having a vitamin A deficiency. If you don’t have enough vitamin A in your diet, you’re more likely to contract measles and to have more-severe symptoms
Complications of measles in children are:
• About 1 out of every 10 children who get measles also get an ear infection (Otitis media).
• Upto 1 out of 20 of them get pneumonia.
• About 1 child in every 1,000 who get measles get encephalitis. (Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain that can lead to convulsions, and can leave your child deaf or mentally retarded.)
• Out of every 1,000 children who get measles, 1 or 2 die from it. In developing countries (like India), where malnutrition and vitamin A deficiency is prevalent, measles has been known to kill as many as one out of four children.
• Diarhoea and pneumonia are other complications of measles which can cause death
• Measles can also cause permanent brain damage
• In some countries measles causes blindness
• Measles can also lead to degenerative disease of nervous system named as SSPE (Subacute Sclerosing Pan Encephalitis). SSPE can further cause paralysis.
These complications are more common among children under 5 years of age and adults over 20 years old.
Treatment for Measles
Few drugs like Interferon, Vitamin A, may be used for the treatment of Measles. Moreover, certain antibodies are required to treat ear and chest complications as well as chemotherapeutic agents have been tried for the treatment of Measles (SSPE) but unfortunately these remedies are not very effective and hence vaccination is a better way to prevent complications of Measles. Measles is a completely preventable disease.
early treatment is best cure
The first dose of Measles should be given at the age of 9 months (M-Vac). However, it has been observed that a single dose of Measles is not enough for effective eradication of this disease. Therefore, a second dose against Measles as MMR (Tresivac) should be administered at the age of 12-15 months
Usually two doses against Measles (first M-Vac at 9 months and Tresivac at 12-15 months) offer long term protection. Clinical data is available showing antibody titers well above the minimal limits up to 16 years after vaccination
Other Complications of Measles may include:
1. Ear infection. One of the most common complications of measles is a bacterial ear infection.
2. Bronchitis, laryngitis or croup. Measles may lead to inflammation of your voice box (larynx) or inflammation of the inner walls that line the main air passageways of your lungs (bronchial tubes).
3. Pneumonia. Pneumonia is a common complication of measles. People with compromised immune systems can develop an especially dangerous variety of pneumonia that is sometimes fatal.
4. Encephalitis. About 1 in 1,000 people with measles develops encephalitis, an inflammation of the brain that may cause vomiting, convulsions, and, rarely, coma or even death. Encephalitis can closely follow measles, or it can occur months later.
5. Pregnancy problems. If you’re pregnant, you need to take special care to avoid measles because the disease can cause pregnancy loss, preterm labor or low birth weight.
6. Low platelet count (thrombocytopenia). Measles may lead to a decrease in platelets — the type of blood cells that are essential for blood clotting.
World Kidney Day 12 March is celebrated every year all across the world on second of Thursday in the month of March. It is celebrated to make the common public aware about the diseases and problems of the kidneys in order to reduce the occurrence of kidney diseases as well as all the associated health problems of the kidneys.
The World Health Organisation has predicted that India would be the diabetes capital of the world by 2025; thus our country would have the maximum number of diabetics, and since a significant number of them would develop kidney disease, we can expect that those with chronic kidney disease would rise exponentially.
The common causes of chronic kidney disease:
diabetes mellitus
hypertension
kidney stones
urinary tract infections
a group of diseases known as glomerulonephritis
certain medications (pain killers, certain antibiotics
some medicines used for treatment of cancer, heavy metals used in medicines)
few inherited disorders (polycystic kidney disease, Alport’s syndrome, congenital abnormalities of kidneys and urinary tract).
Acute kidney injury can be caused by severe infections (including urinary tract infections, rat fever, malaria and many bacterial or viral infections), the loss of large amounts of blood from the body, severe dehydration, fall in blood pressure due to various reasons and allergic reaction to drugs belonging to different systems of treatment.
common symptoms:
swelling of face and feet, decrease in urine output, loss of appetite, nausea , vomiting, general weakness and pallor, blood in urine, pain in the loins and high blood pressure.
About Kidney:
Health tips for kidney health:
1.keeping yourself fit and active as exercises helps in reducing blood pressure and thus reduces the risk of developing Chronic Kidney Disease. This event celebration motivates people for daily walking, running and cycling exercises.
2. by maintaining and controlling the normal the blood sugar level as high blood sugar level lead to the diabetes and thus kidney damage
3. regular monitoring of your blood pressure as high blood pressure lead to the heart attack or stroke thus causes kidney damage.
4. eating healthy and maintaining normal weight as overweight and unhealthy eating habit lead to the diabetes, heart diseases and many other problems lead to the Chronic Kidney Disease
5. by maintaining the normal fluid intake on daily basis (at least 3 to 4 litres a day) as it helps the kidneys to filters out sodium, urea and other body toxins from body which may lead to the risk of developing chronic kidney diseases.
6. avoiding smoking or getting in contact with other smoking person as it slows down the blood flow to the kidneys which lessens their ability to function well as well as enhances the risk of kidney cancer by 50%.
7. regular check up of your kidney functions and developing of diabetes, hypertension, obese, family history of kidney disease and etc.
Nowadays Smoking is a part of everyday life, although, it has only recently become so and it would be unheard of for people not to smoke
There are over one thousand million smokers throughout the world, which is an astonishing number, considering the harm smoking does to your body, which we are all well aware of.
Thus, more and more governments are trying to make people aware of the health risks and consequences of smoking. Some governments have even banned smoking in all indoor public places.
Cigarettes are widely available and in many countries fairly inexpensive to buy. For this reason, buying cigarettes is no longer a luxury only for those who can afford to buy them, but a product that is widely attainable by most people.
No Smoking Day 11 March is celebrated as an awareness program in almost all over the world against tobacco consumption among the people. The main objective of the day is to spread awareness about the harmful health effects of tobacco consumption through cigarette and other modes.
Study after study shows a link between smoking and a host of health problems, including heart disease, lung disease and cancer: 1 in 10 adults — more than five million per year — dies from tobacco-related illnesses.
And despite all of the scientific evidence of tobacco’s health dangers, and in the face of millions of dollars’ worth of public health advertising, nonsmokers are still being persuaded to take that first drag that can lead to lifelong addiction.
Why do people Smoke??
1. While there are certainly other influences that can lead a smoker into the habit, peer pressure is one of the biggest. A large part of the reason peer pressure comes under scrutiny is that one of the groups most likely to begin smoking — young teenagers — is also one of the most susceptible to peer pressure.
If a child in a social circle starts experimenting with tobacco, it’s all too easy for him or her to lead peers into smoking as well — the smoker doesn’t want to be alone, and the not-yet-smokers don’t want to be seen as afraid to try something risky or boundary-pushing.
2. For people not suffering from severe mental illness, cigarettes may still become a form of self-medication. Many people experiencing much lower levels of stress — in a high-pressure job, for example — may start to smoke as a way to manage the tension and nerves associated with the situation. The tobacco becomes a psychological — as well as chemical — crutch, as any potentially stressful situation sends them instinctively reaching for a cigarette. The tool they had used to alleviate stress suddenly becomes a stressor in itself, as they shift from fighting through a difficult situation with the help of nicotine to fighting the nicotine itself
3. Worldwide, tobacco advertising plays a role in the number of people who start or stop smoking. This is not news for public health officials, who, in many nations, began fighting smoking-related illness by restricting tobacco advertising.
Studies have suggested that when young viewers see a main character smoking, they’re more likely to see smoking as something socially acceptable, stylish and desirable.
4. This reason for smoking is tied to peer pressure, although it’s a little more complex and has the potential to affect more than just peer-pressure-sensitive teens. In short, social rewards are the “gifts” people feel they receive when participating in a group activity. Most often, this means some form of acceptance: Smokers at an office building who take cigarette breaks at similar times may bond while they smoke.
As smoking becomes more and more restricted, smokers find common ground in complaints over dirty looks and occasional ridicule from the nonsmoking public and the increasing limits on when and where they can smoke.
5. There’s a thrill that comes from breaking rules. Combine that with the natural tendency of many teenagers to push the limits of rules imposed by school, parents and their communities, and it’s no wonder that many young people will instinctively push against any limit. Teens get thrill after thrill from breaking so many rules, enough so that the rush can overcome the sickening effects of those first few cigarettes.
6. Children of active smokers are more likely to start smoking than children of nonsmokers, or children of parents who quit smoking. Even nonsmoking parents can act in ways that inadvertently make it easier for their children to start smoking.
Studies have found that parents who place few restrictions on movies, allowing their children to watch films that depict heavy smoking and drinking, may be setting their children up to be smokers. Likewise, parents who react to smoking as a socially acceptable behavior — even if they don’t smoke — can leave the door open for their children to experiment with tobacco.
If a tendency toward addiction is seen along family lines or within certain ethnic groups, public health officials can use that information to target their efforts toward populations that have the highest risk for tobacco addiction.
7. Smokers who are addicted to tobacco report a range of positive sensations that come from smoking a cigarette. These range from reduced tension or appetite to a heightened sense of well-being. For some, smoking is essentially a way to self-medicate for illnesses that cause tension and pain. Patients suffering from some forms of mental illness, such as depression or anxiety disorders, may take up smoking because it can help mitigate some of their symptoms .
using nicotine to manage medical conditions comes with a host of negative side effects. Beyond addiction, the risks of lung disease, cancer, heart disease and early death mean nicotine.
Effects of Tobacco Smoking on body:
Central Nervous system
– One of the ingredients in tobacco is a mood-altering drug called nicotine. Nicotine reaches your brain in mere seconds. It’s a central nervous system stimulant, so it makes you feel more energized for a little while.
side effects of nicotine on body
– As that effect subsides, you feel tired and crave more. Nicotine is habit forming.
Smoking increases risk of macular degeneration, cataracts, and poor eyesight. It can also weaken your sense of taste and sense of smell, so food may become less enjoyable.
– Your body has a stress hormone called corticosterone, which lowers the effects of nicotine. If you’re under a lot of stress, you’ll need more nicotine to get the same effect.
– Physical withdrawal from smoking can impair your cognitive functioning and make you feel anxious, irritated, and depressed. Withdrawal can also cause headaches and sleep problems.
Respiratory System
– When you inhale smoke, you’re taking in substances that can damage your lungs. Over time, your lungs lose their ability to filter harmful chemicals. Coughing can’t clear out the toxins sufficiently, so these toxins get trapped in the lungs.
– Smokers have a higher risk of respiratory infections, colds, and flu.
– Children whose parents smoke are more prone to coughing, wheezing, and asthma attacks than children whose parents don’t. They also tend to have more ear infections.
– Children of smokers have higher rates of pneumonia and bronchitis.
Cardiovascular System
– Smoking damages your entire cardiovascular system. When nicotine hits your body, it gives your blood sugar a boost. After a short time, you’re left feeling tired and craving more.
-Nicotine causes blood vessels to tighten, which restricts the flow of blood (peripheral artery disease). Smoking lowers good cholesterol levels and raises blood pressure, which can result in stretching of the arteries and a buildup of bad cholesterol (atherosclerosis).
– Smoking raises the risk of forming blood clots.Blood clots and weakened blood vessels in the brain increase a smoker’s risk of stroke.
– Smokers who have heart bypass surgery are at increased risk of recurrent coronary heart disease. In the long term, smokers are at greater risk of blood cancer (leukemia).
Skin, Nails and Hairs
– Smoking causes skin discoloration, wrinkles, and premature aging. Your fingernails and the skin on your fingers may have yellow staining from holding cigarettes.
– Smokers usually develop yellow or brown stains on their teeth. Hair holds on to the smell of tobacco long after you put your cigarette out.
Digestive System
– Smokers are at great risk of developing oral problems. Tobacco use can cause gum inflammation (gingivitis) or infection. These problems can lead to tooth decay, tooth loss, and bad breath.
Smoking also increases risk of cancer of the mouth, throat, larynx, and esophagus.
-Smokers have higher rates of kidney cancer and pancreatic cancer. Even cigar smokers who don’t inhale are at increased risk of mouth cancer.
– Smoking also has an effect on insulin, making it more likely that you’ll develop insulin resistance. That puts you at increased risk of type 2 diabetes. When it comes to diabetes, smokers tend to develop complications at a faster rate than nonsmokers. Smoking also depresses appetite, so you may not be getting all the nutrients your body needs.
– Withdrawal from tobacco products can cause nausea.
Sexual and Reproductive System
– Restricted blood flow can affect a man’s ability to get an erection.
– Both men and women who smoke may have difficulty achieving orgasm and are at higher risk of infertility.
– Women who smoke may experience menopause at an earlier age than nonsmoking women. Smoking increases a woman’s risk of cervical cancer.
– Smokers experience more complications of pregnancy, including miscarriage, problems with the placenta, and premature delivery.
Whatever the reasons people have to start smoking in the first place, the majority of them quickly become addicted and continue to smoke for a long period of time.
Some manage to quit, probably after many unsuccessful attempts, whilst others will smoke for the rest of their lives, however long or short that may be.
It is a fact however, that over 50% of smokers wish that they didn’t smoke and that they could give up tomorrow.
Therefore, it should be apparent that most people smoke because they are addicted to nicotine. For them, not to smoke would need an immense amount of willpower, a huge amount of s
International Women’s Day is observed every year on 8th of March across all over the world in order to focus the achievements and contributions of the women in the society.
” A Strong Women is both Soft and Powerful, She is both Practical and Spiritual…
.. a Strong Women in Her Essence is a Gift to the World” …
women are perfect at multitasking work
This day is celebrated to provide respect to whole women fraternity, as women are the major part of the society and plays a great role in the economic, political, and social activities, international women’s day is commemorated to remember, appreciate and love women’s all over achievements.
“There is No Force Equal to a Woman Determined to Rise”
This year’s theme is “Empowering Women – Empowering Humanity: Picture It!” envisions a world where each woman and girl can exercise her choices, such as participating in politics, getting an education, having an income, and living in societies free from violence and discrimination.
“There is No Tool for Development More Effective than the Empowerment of Women”
Some of major areas concerned with women empowerment are as follows:
1. Protecting Girl Child
Specific forms of violence and harmful practices affect girls in particular, including child sexual abuse.
So there is urgent need to empower girls and young women to pursue their dreams, confront discrimination, and prevent violence of all kinds.
By raising awareness of girls’ rights with collaboration of educators, parents and with religious leaders, such practices of female feticide can be controlled.
To advance girls’ education, health and well-being, the governments and other partners should pay their attention for a creating a world where girls can live free from fear, violence and discrimination.
2.Human Rights of Women
Women and girls are entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of all of their human rights and protection and promotion of human rights is the first responsibility of governments.
The States should create laws, policies and plans to ensure women’s rights and protect them against violations. It is the responsibility of every government to ensure that adequate laws are passed and work with partners to train and educate the law enforcement and justice officials who must implement them.
3. Involvement of women in decision making
Once in leadership roles, women make a difference. But they are under-represented as voters and in top positions, whether in elected office, the civil service, corporate boardrooms or academia.
Leadership and participation training programs should be designed for women political candidates to help build their skills, as well as voter and civic education and sensitization campaigns on gender equality.
4.Women and Health
Women need to be healthy in order to realize their full potential. This includes proper nutrition, sexual and reproductive rights, and mental health, as well as freedom from violence.
Practices that bring danger to women and girls, including child marriage, female genital cutting, dietary restrictions, and others should be discouraged. Women’s needs are met during medical humanitarian crises, and support and empower women living with HIV and AIDS.
5. Education and Training of women
Education is essential for women to reach gender equality and become leaders of change. While women and girls today are far more educated than ever before, gaps remain. Educated women benefit entire societies, contributing to flourishing economies and the improved health, nutrition and education of their families. Education and training are also tools to help change harmful gender stereotypes.
6.Poverty and Women
When women are poor, their rights are not protected and they face double discrimination, on account of their gender and economic situation. Women, their families, communities and economies suffer as a result. Programs are implemented to provide training, loans and practical skills to empower women economically, give them a voice, strengthen social services and increase awareness of women’s rights.
7.Economy and Role of women
Whether in businesses, on farms, as entrepreneurs or employees, or through unpaid domestic or care work at home, women make enormous contributions to economies. Gender discrimination means women often end up in insecure, low-wage jobs, and constitute a small minority of those in senior positions.
8.Role of Media in women’s safety
The media plays a significant role in perpetuating and challenging social norms that condone discrimination or violence against women. It can objectify women but also showcase strong women leaders and protagonists who can become role models for their audience.
9.Environment and Role of Women
Women are among the most affected by climate change. They are often the ones gathering water, fishing or farming land affected by flooding. Meanwhile, their voices are often ignored in environmental planning and management. They also have less access to land and productive resources.
The Empowered Women is Powerful Beyond Measures and Beautiful beyond Description.
